Gastrointestinal conditions — irritable bowel syndrome, dyspepsia, reflux, and constipation. Articles on gut–brain-axis mechanisms and therapeutic options.
Understand biliary colic — the pain caused by gallstones in the gallbladder, its mechanisms, how to differentiate it from serious complications, and evidence-based treatment options.


Understand chronic constipation — a common gastrointestinal condition with multiple mechanisms, its diagnosis based on clinical criteria, and stepped, evidence-based treatments.

Understand functional diarrhea — recurrent loose stools without an organic cause, its mechanisms, diagnosis, and evidence-based treatments.

Understand functional dyspepsia — chronic stomach discomfort without identifiable organic cause, its mechanisms, diagnosis, and evidence-based treatments.

Understand inflammatory bowel disease — Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis, two chronic autoimmune conditions of the gastrointestinal tract, their mechanisms, diagnosis, and modern treatments.

Understand chronic abdominal pain — its multiple causes, how visceral pain differs from somatic pain, the differential diagnosis, and evidence-based therapeutic approaches.

Understand esophageal spasm — an esophageal motility disorder that causes chest pain and dysphagia, its mechanisms, how to distinguish it from cardiac disease, and evidence-based treatments.

Understand chronic gastritis — the persistent inflammation of the gastric mucosa, its causes (H. pylori, autoimmune, chemical), histologic diagnosis, and evidence-based treatments.

Understand hemorrhoidal disease — one of the most common proctologic conditions, its mechanisms, classification, and evidence-based treatment options.

Understand nausea and vomiting of pregnancy — from the common morning discomfort to hyperemesis gravidarum, its mechanisms, when to be concerned, and safe evidence-based treatments.

Understand chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) — one of the most feared side effects of cancer treatment, its mechanisms, classification, and modern prevention strategies.

Understand postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) — a frequent anesthetic complication, its risk factors, mechanisms, and evidence-based prevention and treatment strategies.

Understand gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) — a condition in which acidic stomach contents return to the esophagus, its mechanisms, diagnosis, and evidence-based treatments.

Understand ulcerative colitis — a chronic inflammatory bowel disease that affects the colon and rectum, its mechanisms, diagnosis, and evidence-based therapeutic options.

Understand irritable bowel syndrome — a functional gastrointestinal disorder that affects millions of people, its mechanisms, diagnosis, and evidence-based treatments.

Understand chronic and intractable hiccups — a rare but debilitating condition that disrupts eating, sleep, and quality of life — along with their causes and treatment options.